Different Parenting Styles, Authoritative, Authoritarian,...

This essay explores the four different types of parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. The exploration of each parenting style is examined, and the outcomes of each parenting style for the child is learned. Each parenting style has positives and negatives, but overall this essay informs the reader about which parenting style is best linked to success in their child’s education. Information for this essay has been gathered from three sources, the sources being the Journal of Education and Human Development, the writing of Abesha A. Gota, and the writing of Crystal Lombardo. Each source connects the four different parenting styles, and the results of them on children in school. The focus of how children act in school, and how well they perform academically is a direct effect of the parenting styles used on children. Every parent uses one of four parenting styles with their children. Those parenting styles are categorized as uninvolved parenting, permissive parenting, authoritative parenting, and authoritarian parenting. As it was written by Abesha A. Gota, â€Å"As discussed earlier, it is evident that parents in all cultures (i.e., in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures) are the primary socialization agents responsible for transmission of cultural values, beliefs, traditions, and norms which are necessary for the attainment of cultural standards of competence to their children† (Gota, 2012, p.62). EachShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Differing Parenting Styles796 Words   |  3 Pagesthree main styles of parenting widely accepted in the field of Psychology, which are authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative. A fourth style, uninvolved/neglectful, is also being more widely recognized. The likes of Erickson and Baumrind have long since contributed to research efforts on t he effects of parenting styles on child development. With numerous factors influencing both the parents and the child’s response to the parenting style is can be difficult to assess the best style for an optimalRead MoreParenting Styles Have Impact On Society1096 Words   |  5 PagesParenting styles have had an impact on society for centuries. The way caregivers bring up the children they are responsible for, paves the way to their future and personality. Children are continuously interpreting the things that their caregivers do. Including messages, body language, conversations, actions and the different styles of parenting. Various parenting styles continue to reflect the different patterns in parental behaviours. These are influenced in their family environments in which bothRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. inRead MoreParenting: Diana Baumrind Theory648 Words   |  3 Pagesparent can be with their kids. Many dont take the time to see how a parent is truly. Most parents dont realize how their parenting methods affect their childs development. Most parents dont realize how bad or good of a parent they are. Many of them dont see that their kids imitate the methods they use to discipline their kids. In fact there are many types of different beliefs of parents. But there are certain people who observe the children’s behavior. Because some times people can notice howRead MoreThe Parenting Styles Authoritative, Authoritarian, And Permissive Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesparent your children? What is your parenting style? Experts have identified four major parenting types: Permissive, Authoritarian, Uninvolved, and Authoritative. Diana Baumrind (1966) was the one to identify three of the parenting styles Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive. Martin and Maccoby (1983) expanded on Baumrind’s parenting styles and added the Uninvolved style. Which style of parenting do you think you fall into? Frist, Authoritative Parenting is considered the most successfulRead MoreInfancy and Early Childhood Development1399 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom parents or families, perception of surrounding objects, and recognizing facial expressions (Berger, 2008). Dependent experiences are less universal and are more individualized, and depend mostly on the infant’s environment and surroundings. Different cultures and family belief systems come into play in dependent experiences. The experience-dependent aspects of development are the experiences that create diversity among infants and young children. Parents and or caregivers have a very dominantRead MoreThe Fbi Behavior Analysis Unit1443 Words   |  6 PagesKarley Pecosky Psychology Parenting Styles The FBI Behavior Analysis Unit can profile a person down to the type of household they grew up in. Behavior as an adult, especially of a psychopath, is usually in correlation to a traumatic event of their childhood, usually involving their parents. The FBI has the ability to analyze all the behaviors of a person and tell you what kind of car they are mostly likely to drive, what profession they are most likely involved in, and in most cases, links toRead MoreYouth Violence : A Growing Issue Of The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesParenting Matters Youth violence has become a growing issue in the United States. According to the U.S. Secret Service, â€Å"in the previous decade, the odds of a high school student being injured or threatened with a weapon were about 1 in 14, and the odds of a teen being in a physical fight were 1 in 7† (Youth Violence Statistics 18). Statistics has also proven that youth violence and bullying within school environment intensified in recent years and has remained high. Indeed, youth themselves areRead MoreHow Parenting Styles Affect Childhood Development1139 Words   |  5 Pages How Different Parenting Styles Affect Childhood Development Parenting is one of the most challenging yet rewarding experiences in an adult’s life. Parents can greatly affect their children’s behavior and development. Children are like sponges, they soak up everything they see a parent do and model what they see into their own lives and actions. It is important that parents are good examples and set high standards for their children. Negative examples can be harmful to a child’s development andRead MoreParenting Styles, Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive And Uninvolved981 Words   |  4 PagesParenting style has a big impact on how children develop into adults, and there are important implications for their future success. (Ronald Riggio, 2014) How a parent treated their child will follow the child for the rest of its life. Different parenting styles and their punishments that follow can affect the child mentally (psychological disorders) and physically (obesity). While we all know some forms of punishment is uncal led for such as persistence spanking is not typically just punishment but

Political Transitions During Women s Status - 2648 Words

Political Transitions in Myanmar and Changes in Burmese Women’s Status Since its independence in 1948 until 2008, Myanmar was an island unto itself. Although being the largest mainland country in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the least known countries in the region. Decades of military dictatorship and a policy of isolationism made Myanmar one of the least developed countries in the world with a population of 60 million people. Various international agencies, such as the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), classify Myanmar as a â€Å"low-income country under stress† and â€Å"least developed country (LDC)† –this indicates that the country not only suffers from extreme poverty, but it also exhibits the lowest†¦show more content†¦Although the Burmese government and various NGOs have made concerted efforts to promote women’s rights since 2008, there is still much room for improvement in the rural and remote border areas. In this paper, I will examine how the role and status of Burmese wo men have changed through Myanmar’s multiple political transitions, ranging from colonialism, through military junta, to democracy. Special attention will be paid to examining gender inequality in education and political participation. In addition, I argue that tensions between the various racial and ethnic groups in Myanmar serve as deterrents to the efforts made to improve women’s status. Contrary to the common perception that women in Southeast Asia traditionally enjoyed a high status in society, many scholars generally agree that such assumptions about the purported status of women are oversimplified by â€Å"postcolonial scholars in order to perpetuate the discourse of gender equality.† (Ikeya 2006:51). According to Chie Ikeya, the â€Å"traditional† high status of women in Myanmar has been used since its independence from Great Britain to assert and implicit the message of gender equality (2006:53). This explains why not only gender inequality persists in Southeast Asia, but why the very discourse of gender equality also does not get enough attention in this region. Ikeya argues that the â€Å"traditional† high status of women in Southeast Asia

Economics Natural Monopoly

Question: Discuss about theEconomicsfor Natural Monopoly. Answer: Introduction Various forms of market exist in an economy. These markets are differentiated with respect to their attributes or characteristics. Among the various forms of market, natural monopoly is one such form of market, where a single firm has experienced monopoly. The firms are considered as one of the largest suppliers of the products in the market. They are regarded as the most efficient organization in order to handle the supply of the whole market. This helps in analysing the beneficial effect to the society and to the firm as well. Natural monopolist produces at quite a large scale which thereby provides them with the opportunity to produce the total supply of the market by being cost advantageous. The cost incurred in the market to produce the total supply of the market by two or more firms is quite larger than that of the natural monopolist (Browning Zupan, 2014). Hence, it is quite beneficial for the market to promote the existence of just one firm in the market. The government r a regulatory board of the government takes the initiative for setting the price of the natural monopoly products in the market. This essay provides a clear view of how government utilises various economical theories related to different forms of market, imperfections in monopoly, regulation of natural monopoly and how government plans to execute the process of pricing the products. These theories and government regulator implementation would be explained further with the help of an example taken on the Australian Rail Network. This would provide a better analysis on how the government plans to fix the price of the natural monopolist at the point where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. Analysis Forms of market, difference between perfect competition and monopoly and their profit In an economy, a market structure is analysed based on it characteristics and its competition with the other firms. Variation in the attributes of the market helps in framing a particular form of structure of the market, which provides an effect on its products, pricing strategies and competition with the other firms. Depending upon these attributes, a market can be stated as perfect competition or imperfect competition market. Under perfectly competitive market, perfect competitive firms exist. Under an imperfect competition market, monopoly, monopsony, monopolistic competition and oligopoly exists (Case, Fair, Oster, 2014). Among the stated names of the market forms, the two extreme forms of market are perfectly competitive firm and monopoly. Under a perfectly competitive market, the products that are produced by the firms are homogeneous in nature. The buyers and sellers in the market have complete knowledge regarding the product and the prices of the product, hence, each firm in such a market is a price taker. Under a monopoly firm, the firm is the sole proprietor of the market. The products that are produced by the firm are heterogeneous in nature, hence, they set the price of the product on their own will. A monopolist firm practices price discrimination among its customers. It could be stated that the perfect competitive market results in greatest amount of economic surplus (Chopra, 2013). Yet, it i s always found that a monopolist would produce less and charge a higher price in the market for producing the same good or service as that of the perfect competitor firm. This can be illustrated with the help of the following diagram. Figure 1: Effect of Change of a Firm from Perfect Competition to Monopoly (Source: As Created By Author) In the above figure 1, the price of the products of the perfectly competitive firm is fixed where the demand and supply curves of the industry intersect each other. Hence, the price and quantity of the firm is fixed at Pc and Qc respectively. As the perfectly competitive firm is transformed into a monopoly firm, the demand curve of the firm is no longer inelastic in nature. The demand curve that is faced by the monopoly firm is downward sloping. The equilibrium point of the firm is achieved where the marginal cost curve of the firm intersects the demand curve. This results in the price of the product to be pm and the quantity to be Qm. It is quite easily visible from the following diagram that the perfectly competitive for there are m has to provide a quantity greater than that of the monopoly firm and the price charged by them is lesser than the monopoly firm . Hence, it could be stated that when a firm changes from a perfectly competitive framework to a monopolist, there are consid erable chances of earning profits in the industry. Inefficiencies in Monopoly A firm that belongs to the monopoly from f market charges higher price for a lower quantity of products to be supplied in order to attain maximum profit from the business. Hence, this shows that a monopolist firm reduces consumer surplus along with the reduction in economic inefficiency of the market. There is an existence of a deadweight loss in the market (Cooper John, 2013). Hence, it could be stated that the organization exerts social costs in the market thereby promoting certain inefficiencies of the market structure. The inefficiency of the monopoly form of market can be illustrated with the help of figure 2. Figure 2 : Inefficiency In Monopoly Market (Source : As Created By Author) In figure 2, the firms equilibrium is at the point where the marginal cost curve intersects the marginal revenue curve. The equilibrium price and quantity is pm and qm respectively. If it would have been a perfectly competitive market, the price and quantity supplied by the firm would have been Pc and Qc. Hence, it could be stated that there is a reduction in consumer surplus equivalent o the area of the rectangle A. Correspondingly, with the fall in the quantity of goods to be produced in the economy, there is a considerable amount of deadweight loss, equivalent to the area B and C. Under natural monopoly, the number of firms in the industry has been reduced to one. The firm who are acknowledges as natural monopolists are in their long run and have incurred high fixed costs. It is efficient for the market to have just one efficient firm. This would help in increasing the efficiency of the market. Yet, being a single firm in the economy, the natural monopolist charges a high price of its products, raising the inefficiencies of the market and incurring social costs. In order to control such a situation of analysing market power, the government or some other government regulatory body often regulates the natural monopoly firm. Government Regulation The purpose of the government intervention in the monopoly market is to reduce the social loss and increase the social welfare which decreases due to monopoly practices. Following the ideas of the Redmond (2013), it can be said that the producer operating in the natural monopoly market can increase the price of the commodity to such an extent that the social benefits gets reduced. Due to this, the consumers will also lose utility from consuming that commodity. The government intervenes in such cases and pushes the price down to counter the situation in the natural monopoly, as given in the figure below: Figure: Government intervention in a natural monopoly market. Source: As created by the author. According to the figure above, the monopolist who is operating in a natural monopoly market can produce at that point of output, where his marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) equals. In other words the condition can be stated as MR = MC. Following this condition, the monopolist charges a price of Pm, at which Qm quantity is sold. In the views of Stiglitz (2015), this condition causes the society to incur a cost, which no market agents receive. This cost is also named as the dead weight loss. This loss incorporates the buyers losing a portion of their consumer surplus. The government balances this loss by creating a price ceiling, above which the monopolist operating in the natural monopoly situation, cannot charge the consumers. This price level benefits the both the buyers and the society as a whole. The monopolist also receives normal profit due to this. As stated by Scitovsky (2013), the government has the opportunity to stet the price to the point of output where the demand or Average revenue is equal to the producers marginal cost. This will make the producer supply Qe amount of commodity at the price level Pe. This is the efficient level of the market. Here the consumer can buy more commodity at a much lower price, and hence receives a huge benefit. On the other hand, the producer gets back his marginal cost following this price level. The marginal cost is associated with only the variable cost of production. Hence, following this price level the producer will not be able to cover his fixed cost. Therefore, in the long run, the producer incurs loss. This ensures that the social welfare is not maximized here as all the market agents are not getting benefitted at the Pe level of price. As stated before, the government goal is to set a price level which will ensure that the dead weight loss is decreased and the social welfare increases at the same time. So, if the government sets the price level at Pe, the social welfare is not increased at all as the producer incurs a loss which amounts same as his fixed cost of production. In the views of Schubert (2013), this situation will make the producer leave the market as he will not be able to cover his cost. The government can address this issue by creating the price ceiling which will make the producer operate at the output level where his average cost of production and demand or the average revenue are equal (AR = AC). This situation presents a price level Pr and the corresponding level of quantity will be Qr. This situation represents the market situation which is similar to that of a perfectly competitive market structure. Here, the price level is lower than the monopoly market, but higher than the efficient level. In other words, the situation can be presented as Pm Pr Pe. According to Lim (2015), at this level of price the producer will be able to cover both of his variable and fixed cost in the long run. The amount the producer will be supplying at this level of price is Qr which is greater than the monopoly level and lower than the efficient level. This can be written as Qe Qr Qm. The producer at this point of production enjoys the normal profit. The level of price is also reasonable for the consumers. The society also faces no dead weight loss, hence it can be said that this price-output level (Pr, Qr) represents a Pareto efficient situation, deviation from which will ensure social loss. The railway system of Australia, where the government has opted for privatization for some of the parts of the railways, presents a situation of natural monopoly. The government of Australia ensured that two private companies are not operating at the same zone, as it will reduce revenue, efficiency, and social welfare. According to Simon (2015), the government countered this natural monopoly situation with a decreased price level which increases the social welfare and balances the consumer surplus. The private companies are also enjoying more or less normal profit, which helps those to cover both their variable and fixed costs of production. Conclusion The natural monopoly advocates of a situation where no other can seller can enter the market without any active barriers creation process by the producer, due the cost structure in the market. The situation gives the producer the potential to abuse his power by making the price level very high for generating more profit. The government thus intervenes in the market and the production process. The governments goal here is to maximize the social welfare, reduce the dead weight loss, balancing the benefits for both the consumer and the producer. For this purpose the government sets the price at that point where the demand or the average revenue is equal to the average cost. The same situation is observed in the Australian railway system, where the government has opted for privatization, and then set the price at a Pareto efficient level. It benefits both the consumers and the sellers while increasing the social benefit and reducing the dead weight loss of the society. Bibliography Browning, E. K. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Wiley Global Education. Browning, E. K., Zupan, M. A. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. . Wiley Global Education. Case, K., Fair, R., Oster, S. (2014). Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Higher Ed. Chopra, A. (2013). PAT, 2(3.2). CMP: INR1, 398 Buy. , 3-9. Cooper, R., John, A. A. (2013). Macroeconomics: Theory Through Applications. publisher not identified. Lim, C. S. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments. Stanford : Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, mimeo, November. Redmond, W. (2013). Three modes of competition in the marketplace. American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 423-446. Schubert, C. (2013). Is novelty always a good thing? Towards an evolutionary welfare economics. In The Two Sides of Innovation. Springer International Publishing. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition. Routledge., (Vol. 103). Simon, H. (2015). Prices and Decisions. In Confessions of the Pricing Man . Springer International Publishing. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. . WW Norton Company.

Tourism In Asia Essay Example For Students

Tourism In Asia Essay AsiaAsia, largest of the earths seven continents. With outlying islands, it covers an estimated 44,936,000 sq km (17,350,000sq mi), or about one-third of the worlds total land area. Asia has morethan 3.2 billion inhabitants. Its peoples account for three-fifths of theworlds population. Lying almost entirely in the northernhemisphere, Asia is bounded by the Arctic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. We will write a custom essay on Tourism In Asia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The conventional boundary between Europe and Asia is drawn at the UralMountains in Russia. Asia and Africa are separated by the Red Sea. Asiais divided for convenience into five major realms: the areas of the formerUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); East Asia, including China,Mongolia, Korea, and Japan; Southeast Asia; South Asia, including the Indiansubcontinent; and Southwest Asia, including much of the Middle East. Thecontinent may also be divided into two cultural realms: that which is Asianin culture (East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia) and that which isnot (Asia of the former USSR, and Southwest Asia). The Natural EnvironmentAsias interior consists of mountains,plateaus, and intervening structural basins. The continents physiographicsystem focuses on the Pamirs, a towering plateau region located where theborders of India, China, and Afghanistan converge. It is known as the Roofof the World. Mountain ranges spiral out from the Pamirs to the west (HinduKush), and southeast (Great Himalayas). These ranges form an imposing eastern-westernarc, about 2500 km (about 1550 mi) in length, that contains numerous peaksof heights well more than 6100 m (20,000 ft), including the highest peakin the world, Mount Everest. Other ranges extend east and northeast ofthe Pamirs (Karakorum, Kunlun, and Tien Shan). Between the Himalayan systemand the Karakorum-Kunlun ranges lies the high Tibetan Plateau. Around thiscentral core are arrayed four major plateau regions (Siberia, eastern China,southern India, and the Arabian Peninsula) and several major structuralbasins and river plains. Several major rivers flow north to theArctic Ocean, others drain into the great interior drainage basin of Asia. In the south, southeast, and east, rivers such as the Ganges, Mekong, andHuang He (Yellow River) flow through vast lowlands. Climates in Asia rangefrom equatorial to arctic. Vegetation is extraordinarily diverse, rangingfrom tundra, grasslands, and desert scrub, to coniferous and mixed forests,tropical forest, and equatorial rain forests. Animal life is equally diverse. Asia is enormously rich in mineral resources. The PeopleThe peoples of Asia are more diverse thanthose of any other continent, and they are highly concentrated in a smallproportion of the total area, chiefly in southern and eastern Asia. Mongoloidpeoples are predominant in East Asia and mainland Southeast Asia. Malayo-Polynesianpeoples prevail in the archipelagos of Southeast Asia. Caucasoid peoplesdominate South Asia, Southwest Asia, Siberia, and much of Central Asia. Chinese culture permeates East Asia, althoughthe Tibetan, Mongol, Korean, and Japanese cultures have their own languages. Southeast Asia is more diversified, with separate ethnolinguistic groupsof Malay, Thai, Vietnamese, and others. In South Asia, Dravidian and Indo-Aryanlanguages are spoken. In Southwest Asia, Persian (Farsi), Semitic, andTurkic languages identify various ethnic groups. Turkic speakers also arenumerous in Central Asia and in western China. Russian is the principallanguage in Siberia. Islam dominates in Southwest Asia and Central Asiaand is of major importance in South Asia and Indonesia. Hinduism is predominantin India. Buddhism extends through interior Asia and into Southeast Asia,China and Japan. Patterns of Economic DevelopmentMost of Asia is economically underdeveloped,but a number of important exceptions exist. Japan has successfully modernizedits economy, as have Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore. The majority ofthe continents population is employed in agriculture characterized bylow yields and low labor productivity. Rice is the food-staple crop ofthe south and east, although wheat and other dry grains are also grown. .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .postImageUrl , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:hover , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:visited , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:active { border:0!important; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:active , .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8 .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0423e3457e6d0894e42f3194e6ab2bb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Information Technology EssayIn Asias drier interior regions, the raising of cattle, sheep, and horsesis important. Lumbering is an important industry in most Southeast Asiancountries. Marine fisheries are extremely important throughout coastalAsia. Japan is the worlds leading fishing country, and China follows closely. Mining also is an important activity in most Asian countries; petroleumis the most important mineral export. Many areas have petroleum resources,but Southwest Asia contains the largest reserves. Relatively few people in Asia are employedin manufacturing. In general, urban centers and their industries are notwell integrated economically with the rural sector, and transportationsystems, both within countries and between them, are poorly developed. A very high proportion of Asias world trade is with countries on othercontinents, rather than between Asian countries. The important exceptionsare the flow of oil and raw materials from other Asian nations to Japan,and the export of Japanese manufactured goods to Southeast Asia. HistoryThe following historical survey attemptsto show the interactions, collisions, and successions of Asian civilizationsin continental terms. For additional information on countries or regionsmentioned, see the history sections of articles on the individual Asiancountries. The earliest known civilizations arosein the great river valleys of Southwest Asia, northwest India, and northernChina before 3000 BC. All were agricultural societies that developed advancedsocial and political structures to maintain irrigation and flood-controlsystems. Raiding nomadic herders forced the populations to live in walledcities for defense and to entrust their protection to an aristocratic classof leaders. Eventually artisans provided trade items, which brought exchangesbetween cultures. From 500 BC to AD 600, the early civilizationsexpanded and interacted. By AD 500 the major world religions and philosophies,with the exception of Islam (which had not yet been founded), had spreadfar from their places of origin. In the west and south, elements of Persian,Greek, and Indian culture spread widely. In the east, Chinese influencespread until, in the early centuries AD, waves of Turkic, Mongol, and Hunnishinvaders set off tribal movements that pushed through Central Asia. ManyChinese fled south to the Yangtze Valley. Chinese culture spread from thereto Korea and Japan. From the 7th century to the 15th century,two forces dominated Asian events: the spread of the new religion of Islamand the expansion of the Mongols, who conquered much of Asia and threatenedEurope. In the 7th century the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, and his successors,the Umayyad caliphs (see Caliphate), spread Islam from India to Spain. The Mongols who dominated Asia for twocenturies originated in the vast Asian steppeland. They came to power underGenghis Khan, who conquered western and North China and parts of CentralAsia in the early 1200s. His sons and grandsons expanded the Mongol Empire,which eventually extended from China to the Middle East and the edges ofEurope. Meanwhile, Japan was strongly influencedby Chinese culture, in both government and socioeconomic ideas. As theprovincial nobility grew stronger, the Fujiwara clan gained control (794-1185)until the Minamoto clan seized power, ruling through military dictatorscalled shogunshogunsmperors remained powerless figureheads (1185-1333). The Mongols failed to conquer Japan. After the Mongols were overthrown by theMing dynasty (1368-1644) in China and by others elsewhere in Asia, rivalempires contended for power. The political disintegration closed overlandtrade just as Europes new national states entered an era of explorationand colonialism. The resulting international competition for trade subjectedAsia to encroachment by the empire-building Europeans. By the mid-19thcentury, the major colonial powers in most of Asia were Britain and Russia,with the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, and France holding smaller possessions. .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .postImageUrl , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:hover , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:visited , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:active { border:0!important; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:active , .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204 .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0560ca7cbdbba2b7fbd3da2e54c3204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance Of The Byzantine Empire EssayBy 1850 the British controlled the entire Indian subcontinent, while Russiareached the Pacific in 1632, occupied Turkistan in 1750, and secured claimsto the Caucasus in 1828. Chinas experience in this period wasquite different. China traded with Europeans but confined them to a fewrestricted ports to discourage European expansion. In the mid-19th century,armed clashes between China and foreign powers forced China to grant tradeand diplomatic concessions. In Japan western trade stopped, with few exceptions,until an 1854 American mission secured a treaty opening relations. In establishing supremacy, the Europeancolonizers generally took a gradual approach. Requests for trade were followedby demands for forts and land. Advisers were then pressed on local rulers. The ultimate result was annexation and direct rule. The imperialists builtrailroads, roads, canals, and some schools. They invested in the economy,but most economic profits went abroad. By World War II (1939-1945), nationalismand socialism had spread among the Western-educated Asian elite, and movementsfor self-government and independence emerged everywhere. The training ofnative armies and the education of an elite prompted reform and modernization. For example, a revolution in 1911 ended the Qing dynasty in China. However,idealistic reformers were pushed aside, and during World War I (1914-1918)China disintegrated into warlord rule. A long civil war followed betweenthe nationalist Kuomintang and the Communists. Some nations managed to maintain theirindependence. Japan prevented foreign encroachment by rapid modernization. A victory over Russia in 1904 and 1905 boosted Japans international prestige. During the 1930s ambitious young military officers pressed for ultranationalistpolicies, which resulted in a buildup in arms and a Japanese colonial expansionin Manchuria, China, and Southeast Asia. World War II catapulted Asia intoworld prominence. India became a staging area for Allied forces, and theAllies occupied strategic areas in southwestern Asia to protect supplyroutes. The Allied victory in the war further stimulated Asian expectationsfor independence and modernization. By the end of the 1950s, militant independencemovements had largely ended colonial rule in Asia. Postwar rivalry between Communist and non-Communistideologies was part of the global contest between the USSR and the UnitedStates. Communism appealed to many Asians eager for independence, participatorygovernment, and social reforms. The victory of the Soviet-supported PeoplesRepublic of China over U.S.-backed Nationalist forces in 1949 was a majorCommunist triumph. In other locations, such as the Philippines, Malaysia,and Indonesia, Communist forces lost. Other ideological conflicts werefought in Korea, Indochina, and Afghanistan. No Asian country was untouchedby the confrontation between Communist and non-Communist ideologies. Inrecent years, economic and industrial expansion has transformed some Asianareas into world leaders in wealth and industrial output. Despite conflictingambitions and ideologies, and local problems, wide sectors of Asia in the1980s and early 1990s enjoyed economic growth, increased democracy, andimproved living standards!